#: locale=en
## Action
### URL
LinkBehaviour_4F5E4208_2BE5_2C54_41BF_6C59266E26D6.source = http://www.loremipsum.com
LinkBehaviour_4F22120C_2BE5_2C6C_41A1_79AD3B051389.source = http://www.loremipsum.com
LinkBehaviour_12FB8524_0E6A_7075_4185_B1BA2D71C442.source = http://www.loremipsum.com
LinkBehaviour_75FF4FF8_64ED_6A46_41C1_FCA88F61A120.source = http://www.loremipsum.com
LinkBehaviour_79CD475A_5820_1FD4_41CA_0CB0DF401ED4.source = http://www.loremipsum.com
WebFrame_79C2A750_5820_1FD4_41C2_20F570EB9050.url = https://aapravasi.govmu.org/aapravasi/?page_id=557
WebFrame_79C2A750_5820_1FD4_41C2_20F570EB9050_mobile.url = https://aapravasi.govmu.org/aapravasi/?page_id=557
LinkBehaviour_2F27607C_32A3_31C3_4189_6502237BD81C.source = https://hinodesmart.com/
LinkBehaviour_2C05D094_32AF_1143_4171_31F5B527B7B2.source = https://hinodesmart.com/
LinkBehaviour_AB518010_8842_1548_41D1_722A3CC4C7A8.source = https://hinodesmart.com/
WebFrame_12E0F51B_0E6A_7052_4176_1BFA26FEB34A.url = https://padlet.com/embed/e9nf95a6e6u8h7sg
WebFrame_12E0F51B_0E6A_7052_4176_1BFA26FEB34A_mobile.url = https://padlet.com/embed/e9nf95a6e6u8h7sg
WebFrame_113FB97D_0965_8408_4180_A11D934DE232.url = https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1EaODslk0fytK2vVkL35ILAMErIGOhjg&ehbc=2E312F
WebFrame_113FB97D_0965_8408_4180_A11D934DE232_mobile.url = https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1EaODslk0fytK2vVkL35ILAMErIGOhjg&ehbc=2E312F
WebFrame_198A3B12_1666_89B6_41B5_4C2585EFD00E.url = https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d2624.874102370473!2d2.335449951395685!3d48.860611079186!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x47e671d877937b0f%3A0xb975fcfa192f84d4!2sMuseo+del+Louvre!5e0!3m2!1ses!2ses!4v1542366357291" width="600" height="450" frameborder="0" style="border:0" allowfullscreen>
## Media
### Audio
audiores_5B93CE3E_58E0_714C_4168_D8950F2597FD.mp3Url = media/audio_5B8EB2FE_58E0_16CC_41D2_1618FDC9B9A9_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_5B9130A7_58E0_117C_41C1_AEC6BBB5240A.mp3Url = media/audio_5B90DA2D_58E0_114C_41D2_951A33C80815_en.mp3
audiores_BBF1EC43_88C6_2DC8_41DD_4976429114F9.mp3Url = media/audio_B861C0CB_88C2_16D8_41B7_D31C22D779D9_en.mp3
### Floorplan
### Image
imlevel_B8FF8D4D_8E4C_E1D3_41E0_2594E9D64D90.url = media/map_1BBD84D0_3853_4633_41C0_3992AA83C83B_en_0.png
imlevel_B8FFED4D_8E4C_E1D3_41D9_0EA2FA677C94.url = media/map_1BBD84D0_3853_4633_41C0_3992AA83C83B_en_1.png
imlevel_B8FFCD4D_8E4C_E1D3_41CE_E59A40740B39.url = media/map_1BBD84D0_3853_4633_41C0_3992AA83C83B_en_2.png
imlevel_B8FC8D67_8E4C_E1D0_41CC_6E31D59F5CA6.url = media/map_28C87E9B_383D_C236_41AC_5562BFF8F16A_en_0.png
imlevel_B8FCED67_8E4C_E1D0_41D2_F8A7B1AB857A.url = media/map_28C87E9B_383D_C236_41AC_5562BFF8F16A_en_1.png
imlevel_B8FCFD67_8E4C_E1D0_41C8_ED081E9DD4FD.url = media/map_28C87E9B_383D_C236_41AC_5562BFF8F16A_en_2.png
### Subtitle
panorama_577A0BA7_45E9_88BB_41C7_C4C1ABE7D72E.subtitle = 1
panorama_57605797_45E8_789C_41B2_EFFDA4D978F7.subtitle = 2
panorama_57663F87_45E9_897B_41CC_197A884503A0.subtitle = 2
panorama_571069C8_45E8_88F6_41C7_AC1E9C0B741C.subtitle = 3
panorama_504BBAFF_45E8_888B_4184_353CA0BE828D.subtitle = 4
panorama_5092877B_45E8_998B_41C8_E2BFBE2A88E0.subtitle = 5
panorama_50915EE0_45E8_88B5_41C2_0B1D29B244E2.subtitle = Bust
panorama_7297FE6D_4679_8B8C_41C8_677961691FA7.subtitle = Model
panorama_725ECBD5_4679_889F_41C3_1CA6723C46FD.subtitle = Model
panorama_5087AEDE_45E9_888D_41C9_890CE5C1DEEB.subtitle = Office
panorama_50988743_45E9_B9FB_41C3_00D3C8144DC8.subtitle = Office
panorama_F5242BDD_5820_16CC_41D1_4407B5D75618.subtitle = Parking
panorama_508FD09B_45E8_788B_41D0_2698B636BA47.subtitle = Signatures
panorama_5093B18F_45EB_988C_41AE_F96568CE7D1B.subtitle = Signatures
panorama_724A684E_4679_978D_41CB_A0E91A5589A6.subtitle = The Hut
panorama_72812BEB_4679_888B_41A0_7593F7CEA560.subtitle = The Hut
### Title
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### Video
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### Video Subtitles
## Right Click Menu
### Text
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16 Steps
The flight of 16 steps that they climbed after a tedious voyage has become the symbol of their hopes for a better life as well as the success of the great experiment undertaken by the British to prove the viability of “free’ labour over forced labour.
Aapravasi Ghat
World Heritage Site
Today only one third of the Aapravasi Ghat Immigration depot remains.
Major conservation works were carried between 2004 and 2010 to preserve the site where the ancestors of almost 70% of the Mauritian population first set foot.
Art work
Mauritius is a nation formed by several waves of migration. While some came as settlers on their own will, others such as enslaved came as part of slavery, or forced migration. Others such as indentured labourers were not neither completely coerced labour nor completely free.
This art work by the artist Neermul Hurry illustrates this important episode in the history of Mauritius and this new system of indentured labour.
Through the Great Experiment held on 02 November 1834, 36 indentured labourers, travelling on board of the Atlas ship from Calcutta, India, landed in Mauritius to work as indentured labourers.
Literally, indenture means a contract. Indentured labourers were required as a labour force to work on plantations in the colonies. The rapid and extensive development of plantation economies created the demand for a workforce which was supplied by indentured labourers
The metal tins illustrate the restrictions on freedom faced by indentured labourers. For the safekeeping of their immigration papers. Indentured labourers kept them in similar tin cases. If caught outside the estate without their papers, the indentured were passible of fines and/or imprisonment for the offence of vagrancy.
The golden stones are reminders of the hard work of these labourers. As per popular histoty indentured labourers were fooled into migrating by the recruiters. Telling them that they would find gold beneath the stones of Mauritius. The artist using this metaphor describes how they did not find gold but how they contributed to the success of the country through the production of white gold. i.e., sugar.
Conclusion
The indenture system ended in 1910 but the memories associated with the system of indenture are still very present. Approximately 70% of modern Mauritians are descendants of these indentured labourers. It gave birth to many multi-cultural societies around the world.
Courtyard
The courtyard of the immigration depot could accommodate up to 1000 immigrants at a time. Today only the foundation of the kitchen used for the preparation of food for indentured labourers remains. The diet of the indentured labourers during their stay at the immigration depot consisted of rice, salted fish, ghee, salt and pulses.
Sheds made of wood and corrugated iron sheets were made to house the indentured labourers during their stay at the depot.
The sirdar quarters housed the sirdars. Newly arrived indentured immigrants would be guided by Sirdars at the Depot. Sirdars were overseers on plantations and most of them were often former indentured labourers themselves.
They could speak the language of the newly arrived immigrants and serve as intermediary between the planters, the officers and the indentured workers.
Sirdars would constitute groups of workers in line with planters’ requests for labourers. Once the groups or “gangs” were constituted, contracts were prepared, explained to workers and signed
Hospital Block
The hospital block is the only surviving structure of the Immigration depot. It is composed of seven chambers. The first chamber was used as privies for officers. The next two rooms were used as a ward to examine indentured labourers and a surgery to carry minor medical procedures such as vaccination against small pox.
The building also housed a kitchen where all medical instruments were sterilized by boiling them.
To enable the transportation of rations and goods to the depot, the depot used a horse cart. For this purpose there was also a cart room and a stable for 2 horses. The last room was destined for the depot keeper.
The building has been conserved by using traditional techniques and materials. The mortar for example is made from traditional materials such as lime, sand, sugar cane syrup, fenugreek seeds, black gram and apple stone fruit.
Life and work in the Sugar estates and Legacy
On the sugar estates the indentured labourers lived in huts made of thatch, mud, and cow dung. This was the typical hut of a family of 4 to 6 persons. The houses were made with material readily available on the sugar estates. The indentured labourers built similar houses when they moved out from the sugar estates into villages on the outskirts of the sugar estates. With Cyclone Carol in 1960, huts were gradually replaced with corrugated iron sheet houses and buildings in concrete.
In times of hardship be it during indentureship or afterwards, indentured labourers and their descendants braved the several difficulties with the same conviction as the hero of the Ramayana, their inspiration, the lord Rama. The Ramayana narrates the story of Rama, an Indian prince who was exiled with his wife and brother to the forest for 14 years. His wife was abducted by the demon king Ravana, Rama battled against Ravana to free his wife. In spite of all hardships he stuck to the path of Righteousness.
The Ramayana in the museum is a manuscript, written by the indentured labourers who had memorized all the verses contained in the original.
Memories of these bygone days are still very much alive and the Oral History Unit is carrying out actions to record these memories. The small film provides a glimpse in the memories associated with living and working conditions on the sugar estate.
The year 1910 marked the official ending of indenture immigration.
In January 1925, Kunwar Maharaj Singh, a high-ranking officer of the Civil Service in the United Province in India and an aristocrat, was sent by the British Government of India to Mauritius to examine the situation of overseas Indians. Maharaj Singh?s objective was to investigate the social and economic conditions of the Indian immigrants settled in Mauritius. The key question which he needed to answer was whether the colony still needed to import additional Indian labourers for the local sugar industry? On 27th February 1925, Maharaj Singh submitted his report to the British Government of India. He mentioned that the Indian labourers and their descendants had achieved a lot in terms of social and economic progress and the indenture system should be terminated.
A few weeks after, the British colonial authorities in India accepted his recommendation and no more indentured workers were sent to Mauritius
On 12 March 1968, Mauritius gained its independence from the British.
Life and work in the Sugar estates and Legacy
This section provides a glimpse of the life and work of indentured labourers on the sugar estates as well as the rich heritage they bequeathed to their descendants.
These objects, witness of the life and representation of the rich and diverse heritage of indentured labourers and the system were collected from several descendants who donated them to the AGTF and stand as a legacy of indenture, many of which still live today.
The panga, the sickle are still used in some places for the cutting of sugar cane. In many houses, grandmothers and mothers still make rotis, faratas (a type of flat bread) using the tawa (a flat iron pan).
The roche cari (grinding stone), the janta (stone mill), the okhli mussal (mortar and pestle) have now been replaced by the electric devices for the grinding of chutneys, milling flour or preparation of masala (mixture of condiments and spices), typical of the rich melting pot that the Mauritian cuisine is.
Privies and Bath area
Indentured labourers needed to stay for a minimum of 2 days at the Aapravasi Ghat Immigration depot. Hence the necessity of certain amenities such as lavatories and privies. Unearthed during archeological diggings in 2003, the privies have been conserved. While there were 3 privies for men one was for women. Similarly there were separate water tanks for men and women to take their baths.
Section on Beekrumsing Ramlallah
From its construction in 1849 until 1910, Aapravasi Ghat was used as an immigration depot to manage the flux of the migration of indentured labourers. This section provides an overview of the important moments towards the recognition of the heritage value of the Aapravasi Ghat as well as the contribution of late Mr. Beekrumsing to preserve the site.
Late Mr. Beekrumsing Ramlallah, a journalist, social worker, Member of Parliament and above all a man of vision understood the heritage value of the Aapravasi Ghat and the need to preserve it. He was a self-taught man and was interested in varied subjects.
He undertook several actions for the recognition of the Aapravasi Ghat. Each year he organized special prayers at the site to pay homage to the memory of indentured immigrants. This practice prevails today.
He was instrumental in convincing the Mauritian Government to arrange for the visit of Shrimati Indira Gandhi to the Aapravasi Ghat in 1970. Thereto, many eminent personalities too visited the site contributing thus to the recognition of the importance of the site and the phenomenon of indenture.
Aapravasi Ghat became a national monument in 1987. In 1989, the name of Aapravasi Ghat was officially changed from the previous name of ‘Coolie Ghat’ to valorize the contribution of indentured labourers.
In 2001 the Mauritian Government under the leadership of Sir Anerood Jugnauth, the 2 November was chosen as the symbolic date marking the arrival of the first indentured labourers in Mauritius.
The Aapravasi Ghat Trust Fund was created in 2001. The Aapravasi Ghat conservation Project started in 2004 and was completed in 2010. The aim of the conservation project was to conserve the Aapravasi Ghat as it was in 1849 as per detailed archival documents conserved at the National Archives Department of Mauritius.
All these efforts culminated in the inscription of Aapravasi Ghat as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 16 July 2006. Aapravasi is the first World Heritage Site of Mauritius.
The Archeology of the site
Archeological excavations carried inside the building have unveiled several archeological features and artefacts allowing for the better understanding of the use and physical development and evolution of the area.
These features as such reveal the existence of a dry dock built during the French period, in the 1770s to repair the ships docked in Port Louis. Port Louis was being developed the main port of the island. The dry dock involved flooding the canals and bringing in the ship to be repaired. One set for repairs the water was removed and the ship repaired. After that the dock was flooded again and the ship sent afloat into the sea.
Later on, in the 1820s, after the British conquest of the island the dry dock was replaced by a patent slip. This method involving the pulling of the ships on land via stone and metal rails with the help of ropes and pulleys was found to be less time consuming, painstaking and dependent of the sea tides.
The archeological excavations also revealed the original flooring of the building where we stand right now. Indeed in 1866 the building presently housing the interpretation center was built to house a warehouse for the storage of sugar bales ready for exportation.
The archaeological excavations have uncovered several artefacts, some of which are on display in BRIC. They provide interesting insights into the society during the colonial period in Mauritius. For example, the medicine bottles were associated with the hospital block set up in the 1860s in Aapravasi Ghat for the vaccination, health checks and treatment of sick indentured labourers before they were taken to work on the sugar plantations.
The different types of ceramics besides providing indication of the different status of the people using them also provide information regarding the worldwide economic and trading connection of Mauritius already in the 19th and 20th century. We may deduce by example that while the Chinese porcelain and painted ceramics were used by officers the crude earthenware were used by the indentured labourers.
The Beekrumsing Ramlallah Interpretation Centre
The Beekrumsing Ramlallah Interpretation Centre, tells the history of Aapravasi Ghat World Heritage site and why it was listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2006. It also provide glimpses into the physical history and evolution of the site. It tells of the human story that unveiled in this site and the legacy of the thousands of indentured labourers.
The Immigration Depot
The Immigration Depot received newly arrived immigrants for whom permission to disembark was received from the medical officer.
Great caution was taken not to introduce workers infected with contagious disease. The boats were systematically inspected by medical officers and sanitary regulations strictly enforced.
If any of the passengers were sick, they all were diverted to the quarantine station at Flat Island, an islet located 12kms off the north coast of Mauritius.
If no diseases were recorded on board the ship, indentured immigrants were given permission to disembark at the Immigration Depot in Port Louis. The Depot had a capacity of 600 immigrants but would accommodate more than 1,000 of them a day during the peak years of indenture.
The indentured system was managed by the Protector of Immigrants whose office was located at the Immigration Depot. He was heading the immigration department including a number of British & local officials in charge of ensuring the respect of existing regulations.
Newly arrived indentured immigrants would be guided by Sirdars at the Depot. Sirdars were overseers on plantations and most of them were former indentured labourers themselves. They could speak the language of the newly arrived immigrants and serve as intermediary between the planters, the officers and the indentured workers.Sirdars would constitute groups of workers in line with planters’ requests for labourers. Once the groups or “gangs” were constituted, contracts were prepared, explained to workers and signed.
The immigration depot also functioned as the office where immigrants paid fees and taxes, registered civil status documents, obtained official identification papers and remitted money to their families abroad. The depot also handled immigrants who had completed their contracts and decided to return to their homeland.
The Immigration Depot
After 1865, two photographs of indentured labourers were taken to be put in the immigrant ticket and in the registers. These registers are stored at the Indian Immigration Archives at Mahatma Gandhi Institute in Moka, Mauritius.
They are the largest repository of documentation on the international migration of Indian workers in the 19th century. These "Records of the Indian Indentured Labourers" were inscribed in the Memory of the World Register in 2011.
The Voyage
The majority of the Indian indentured labourers embarked for Mauritius and other colonies at the ports of Mumbai (Bombay), Madras (Chennai) and Calcutta (Kolkata). Depending upon the port of embarkation the voyage lasted from 5 to 8 weeks on board of the sail ships. With the advent of the steam ship the journey was curtailed to 3 to 5 weeks.
The model of the ship is a suggestion of the travelling conditions of the indentured immigrants. The commercial ships on board which the indentured labourers travelled were composed of three levels.
Indentured labourers travelled in the middle deck. The deck was divided in 3 parts; the one part being reserved for the unmarried men, another for unmarried women and a third part for couples. They had the possibility to go on the upper deck whenever the weather allowed for it .Rations were provided to the travelers. The number of passengers was controlled and after 1864, it was obligatory that 25 % of the passengers consist of women. The motive was to encourage settlement and the constitution of a local work force.
The voyage, nevertheless remained difficult for these indentured immigrants who often had not seen the oceans or who had not even well grasped the duration of the voyage
The lower deck of the ship transported items and materials for use in the colony of Mauritius. On the way to other parts of the world the ships took the produce of the island, sugar. The bricks that we see were for example imported to Mauritius. These were often used as ballast to maintain the buoyancy of the ship. Once in Mauritius they were used in construction works. These bricks were found in situ during archeological excavations carried out.
The number of indentured labourers in Mauritius grew
The permanent settlement of these indentured labourers in Mauritius brought about many demographic changes to Mauritian society. Approximately 70% of modern Mauritians are descendants of these indentured labourers.
Indentured labourers were also migrating worldwide with around 2.2 million labourers going to work in more than fifty different countries.
The arrows refer to the indentured migration routes and the tags indicate the places of departure. This shows that indentured labourers left from Asia, Africa and the pacific to work in colonies around the world. The indentured labourers settled in various territories where they went to work and they brought with them their culture, languages and traditions. This resulted in the creation of a diaspora of indentured labourers whose memory still live today in many parts of the world.
Mauritius is one of the examples of this diversity resulting from indentured labour migration.
People were encouraged to come in families from 1850s. Indentured labourers would come to Mauritius for various reasons. One of them is the increase of taxes in India, the difficult work conditions, limited work mobility and the hope for a better future among others. Most indentured labourers who engaged to work in Mauritius had an experience of work mobility on plantations in India.
It is important to highlight that in the context of Mauritius, there are some key figures who fought for the rights of the indentured labourers such as Adolphe de Plevitz who wrote a petition to protest against the harsh working and living conditions of indentured labourers; this petition was signed by around 10,000 indentured labourers. Last but not least, Late Mahatma Gandhi, during his voyage to South Africa, in 1901, came to Mauritius and observed the conditions of his fellow Indian countrymen. In 1907, in order to defend the rights of indentured labourers, he sent over Late Manilal Doctor, who was a retired lawyer, to support the recognition of the rights of the indentured labourers and encourage education.
Pictures of indentured labourers displayed in BRIC give a human perspective to the history of indenture in Mauritius. These indentured labourers-men and women- decided to work hard in the sugar plantations and to contribute to the sugar industry. Added to the indentured labourers who came to Mauritius, there were also Liberated Africans who were taken to Mauritius when the British Authorities intercepted ships illegally carrying slaves. They were disembarked at Aapravasi Ghat and were enrolled as indentured labourers and referred to as ‘Liberated Africans’.
The number of indentured labourers in Mauritius grew
The ox cart is a symbol of the sugar industry which was used to transport sugarcane from plantations to factories.
Mauritius was the most productive sugar colony in the British Empire. As from 1845, Mauritius produced 7% of the total world’s sugar production. This explains why around 462,000 indentured labourers were recruited in Mauritius. 97.5% of all indentured labourers who came to Mauritius from 1834 to 1910 came from India and the remaining came from China, Comoros, Yemen, South East Asia. Two-thirds of these indentured labourers remained permanently on the island.
Welcome to the Aapravasi Ghat World Heritage Site.
Welcome to the Aapravasi Ghat World Heritage Site.
The name ‘Aapravasi Ghat’ is made up of two Hindi words. ‘Aapravasi’ means immigrant and ‘Ghat’ means ‘a landing place and more precisely steps leading down to a body of water.
Aapravasi Ghat is the place where indentured contractual labourers landed in Mauritius.
The monument plaque reminds of this important event in the making of the population of Mauritius.
What is indenture?
From 1834 to 1910, almost 462 000 men, women and children came to Mauritius as indentured labourers as part of a great experiment undertaken by the British to prove the superiority of free labour over forced labour ,that is, slavery. Indenture was first tested successfully in the plantation colonial world in Mauritius.
The indentured labourers came from India, China, Madagascar, Comoros, Africa and South East Asia. The majority of indentured labourers or almost 97% came from India.
Indentured labourers worked as per conditions set up in a contract or agreement. Indentured labourers not able to pronounce the English word agreement coined the word “girmit’. From there this very word the term girmitya designating indentured labourers was coined.
The contract stipulated that Indentured labourers needed to work for a period of five years in Mauritius. They earned a salary of around Rs5 rupees. Their contracts made provision for facilities such as housing, food rations, clothing and medical care.
The conditions of work, however, were hard and treatment given to indentured labourers, especially in the beginning of the system was often comparable to slavery.
For example the term marron was still used for the indentured labourers who were absent from work or who had deserted the sugar estate, (refer to document in showcase) While the laws had changed, the mindsets were yet to change.
The double cut system, whereby 2 days salary was deducted for one day of absence is one clear example of the harshness of the system. Restrictions on the free movement of the immigrants were considered as being harsh. Failure to produce one’s immigrant ticket while being in displacement was passible of police arrest, fines and imprisonment.
16 Steps
The flight of 16 steps that they climbed after a tedious voyage has become the symbol of their hopes for a better life as well as the success of the great experiment undertaken by the British to prove the viability of “free’ labour over forced labour.
Aapravasi Ghat
World Heritage Site
Today only one third of the Aapravasi Ghat Immigration depot remains.
Major conservation works were carried between 2004 and 2010 to preserve the site where the ancestors of almost 70% of the Mauritian population first set foot.
Art work
Mauritius is a nation formed by several waves of migration. While some came as settlers on their own will, others such as enslaved came as part of slavery, or forced migration. Others such as indentured labourers were not neither completely coerced labour nor completely free.
This art work by the artist Neermul Hurry illustrates this important episode in the history of Mauritius and this new system of indentured labour
Through the Great Experiment held on 02 November 1834, 36 indentured labourers, travelling on board of the Atlas ship from Calcutta, India, landed in Mauritius to work as indentured labourers.
Literally, indenture means a contract. Indentured labourers were required as a labour force to work on plantations in the colonies. The rapid and extensive development of plantation economies created the demand for a workforce which was supplied by indentured labourers
The metal tins illustrate the restrictions on freedom faced by indentured labourers. For the safekeeping of their immigration papers. Indentured labourers kept them in similar tin cases. If caught outside the estate without their papers, the indentured were passible of fines and/or imprisonment for the offence of vagrancy.
The golden stones are reminders of the hard work of these labourers. As per popular histoty indentured labourers were fooled into migrating by the recruiters. Telling them that they would find gold beneath the stones of Mauritius. The artist using this metaphor describes how they did not find gold but how they contributed to the success of the country through the production of white gold. i.e., sugar.
Conclusion
The indenture system ended in 1910 but the memories associated with the system of indenture are still very present. Approximately 70% of modern Mauritians are descendants of these indentured labourers. It gave birth to many multi-cultural societies around the world.
Courtyard
The courtyard of the immigration depot could accommodate up to 1000 immigrants at a time. Today only the foundation of the kitchen used for the preparation of food for indentured labourers remains. The diet of the indentured labourers during their stay at the immigration depot consisted of rice, salted fish, ghee, salt and pulses.
Sheds made of wood and corrugated iron sheets were made to house the indentured labourers during their stay at the depot.
The sirdar quarters housed the sirdars. Newly arrived indentured immigrants would be guided by Sirdars at the Depot. Sirdars were overseers on plantations and most of them were often former indentured labourers themselves.
They could speak the language of the newly arrived immigrants and serve as intermediary between the planters, the officers and the indentured workers.
Sirdars would constitute groups of workers in line with planters’ requests for labourers. Once the groups or “gangs” were constituted, contracts were prepared, explained to workers and signed.
Hospital Block
The hospital block is the only surviving structure of the Immigration depot. It is composed of seven chambers. The first chamber was used as privies for officers. The next two rooms were used as a ward to examine indentured labourers and a surgery to carry minor medical procedures such as vaccination against small pox.
The building also housed a kitchen where all medical instruments were sterilized by boiling them.
To enable the transportation of rations and goods to the depot, the depot used a horse cart. For this purpose there was also a cart room and a stable for 2 horses. The last room was destined for the depot keeper.
The building has been conserved by using traditional techniques and materials. The mortar for example is made from traditional materials such as lime, sand, sugar cane syrup, fenugreek seeds, black gram and apple stone fruit.
Life and work in the Sugar estates and Legacy
This section provides a glimpse of the life and work of indentured labourers on the sugar estates as well as the rich heritage they bequeathed to their descendants.
These objects, witness of the life and representation of the rich and diverse heritage of indentured labourers and the system were collected from several descendants who donated them to the AGTF and stand as a legacy of indenture, many of which still live today.
The panga, the sickle are still used in some places for the cutting of sugar cane. In many houses, grandmothers and mothers still make rotis, faratas (a type of flat bread) using the tawa (a flat iron pan).
The roche cari (grinding stone), the janta (stone mill), the okhli mussal (mortar and pestle) have now been replaced by the electric devices for the grinding of chutneys, milling flour or preparation of masala (mixture of condiments and spices), typical of the rich melting pot that the Mauritian cuisine is.
Life and work in the Sugar estates and Legacy
On the sugar estates the indentured labourers lived in huts made of thatch, mud, and cow dung. This was the typical hut of a family of 4 to 6 persons. The houses were made with material readily available on the sugar estates. The indentured labourers built similar houses when they moved out from the sugar estates into villages on the outskirts of the sugar estates. With Cyclone Carol in 1960, huts were gradually replaced with corrugated iron sheet houses and buildings in concrete.
In times of hardship be it during indentureship or afterwards, indentured labourers and their descendants braved the several difficulties with the same conviction as the hero of the Ramayana, their inspiration, the lord Rama. The Ramayana narrates the story of Rama, an Indian prince who was exiled with his wife and brother to the forest for 14 years. His wife was abducted by the demon king Ravana, Rama battled against Ravana to free his wife. In spite of all hardships he stuck to the path of Righteousness.
The Ramayana in the museum is a manuscript, written by the indentured labourers who had memorized all the verses contained in the original.
Memories of these bygone days are still very much alive and the Oral History Unit is carrying out actions to record these memories. The small film provides a glimpse in the memories associated with living and working conditions on the sugar estate.
The year 1910 marked the official ending of indenture immigration.
In January 1925, Kunwar Maharaj Singh, a high-ranking officer of the Civil Service in the United Province in India and an aristocrat, was sent by the British Government of India to Mauritius to examine the situation of overseas Indians. Maharaj Singh?s objective was to investigate the social and economic conditions of the Indian immigrants settled in Mauritius. The key question which he needed to answer was whether the colony still needed to import additional Indian labourers for the local sugar industry? On 27th February 1925, Maharaj Singh submitted his report to the British Government of India. He mentioned that the Indian labourers and their descendants had achieved a lot in terms of social and economic progress and the indenture system should be terminated.
A few weeks after, the British colonial authorities in India accepted his recommendation and no more indentured workers were sent to Mauritius
On 12 March 1968, Mauritius gained its independence from the British.
Privies and Bath area
Indentured labourers needed to stay for a minimum of 2 days at the Aapravasi Ghat Immigration depot. Hence the necessity of certain amenities such as lavatories and privies. Unearthed during archeological diggings in 2003, the privies have been conserved. While there were 3 privies for men one was for women. Similarly there were separate water tanks for men and women to take their baths.
Section on Beekrumsing Ramlallah
From its construction in 1849 until 1910, Aapravasi Ghat was used as an immigration depot to manage the flux of the migration of indentured labourers. This section provides an overview of the important moments towards the recognition of the heritage value of the Aapravasi Ghat as well as the contribution of late Mr. Beekrumsing to preserve the site.
Late Mr. Beekrumsing Ramlallah, a journalist, social worker, Member of Parliament and above all a man of vision understood the heritage value of the Aapravasi Ghat and the need to preserve it. He was a self-taught man and was interested in varied subjects.
He undertook several actions for the recognition of the Aapravasi Ghat. Each year he organized special prayers at the site to pay homage to the memory of indentured immigrants. This practice prevails today.
He was instrumental in convincing the Mauritian Government to arrange for the visit of Shrimati Indira Gandhi to the Aapravasi Ghat in 1970. Thereto, many eminent personalities too visited the site contributing thus to the recognition of the importance of the site and the phenomenon of indenture.
Aapravasi Ghat became a national monument in 1987. In 1989, the name of Aapravasi Ghat was officially changed from the previous name of ‘Coolie Ghat’ to valorize the contribution of indentured labourers.
In 2001 the Mauritian Government under the leadership of Sir Anerood Jugnauth, the 2 November was chosen as the symbolic date marking the arrival of the first indentured labourers in Mauritius.
The Aapravasi Ghat Trust Fund was created in 2001. The Aapravasi Ghat conservation Project started in 2004 and was completed in 2010. The aim of the conservation project was to conserve the Aapravasi Ghat as it was in 1849 as per detailed archival documents conserved at the National Archives Department of Mauritius.
All these efforts culminated in the inscription of Aapravasi Ghat as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 16 July 2006. Aapravasi is the first World Heritage Site of Mauritius.
The Archeology of the site
Archeological excavations carried inside the building have unveiled several archeological features and artefacts allowing for the better understanding of the use and physical development and evolution of the area.
These features as such reveal the existence of a dry dock built during the French period, in the 1770s to repair the ships docked in Port Louis. Port Louis was being developed the main port of the island. The dry dock involved flooding the canals and bringing in the ship to be repaired. One set for repairs the water was removed and the ship repaired. After that the dock was flooded again and the ship sent afloat into the sea.
Later on, in the 1820s, after the British conquest of the island the dry dock was replaced by a patent slip. This method involving the pulling of the ships on land via stone and metal rails with the help of ropes and pulleys was found to be less time consuming, painstaking and dependent of the sea tides.
The archeological excavations also revealed the original flooring of the building where we stand right now. Indeed in 1866 the building presently housing the interpretation center was built to house a warehouse for the storage of sugar bales ready for exportation.
The archaeological excavations have uncovered several artefacts, some of which are on display in BRIC. They provide interesting insights into the society during the colonial period in Mauritius. For example, the medicine bottles were associated with the hospital block set up in the 1860s in Aapravasi Ghat for the vaccination, health checks and treatment of sick indentured labourers before they were taken to work on the sugar plantations.
The different types of ceramics besides providing indication of the different status of the people using them also provide information regarding the worldwide economic and trading connection of Mauritius already in the 19th and 20th century. We may deduce by example that while the Chinese porcelain and painted ceramics were used by officers the crude earthenware were used by the indentured labourers.
The Beekrumsing Ramlallah Interpretation Centre
The Beekrumsing Ramlallah Interpretation Centre, tells the history of Aapravasi Ghat World Heritage site and why it was listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2006. It also provide glimpses into the physical history and evolution of the site. It tells of the human story that unveiled in this site and the legacy of the thousands of indentured labourers.
The Immigration Depot
The Immigration Depot received newly arrived immigrants for whom permission to disembark was received from the medical officer.
Great caution was taken not to introduce workers infected with contagious disease. The boats were systematically inspected by medical officers and sanitary regulations strictly enforced.
If any of the passengers were sick, they all were diverted to the quarantine station at Flat Island, an islet located 12kms off the north coast of Mauritius.
If no diseases were recorded on board the ship, indentured immigrants were given permission to disembark at the Immigration Depot in Port Louis. The Depot had a capacity of 600 immigrants but would accommodate more than 1,000 of them a day during the peak years of indenture.
The indentured system was managed by the Protector of Immigrants whose office was located at the Immigration Depot. He was heading the immigration department including a number of British & local officials in charge of ensuring the respect of existing regulations.
Newly arrived indentured immigrants would be guided by Sirdars at the Depot. Sirdars were overseers on plantations and most of them were former indentured labourers themselves. They could speak the language of the newly arrived immigrants and serve as intermediary between the planters, the officers and the indentured workers.Sirdars would constitute groups of workers in line with planters’ requests for labourers. Once the groups or “gangs” were constituted, contracts were prepared, explained to workers and signed.
The immigration depot also functioned as the office where immigrants paid fees and taxes, registered civil status documents, obtained official identification papers and remitted money to their families abroad. The depot also handled immigrants who had completed their contracts and decided to return to their homeland.
The Immigration Depot
After 1865, two photographs of indentured labourers were taken to be put in the immigrant ticket and in the registers. These registers are stored at the Indian Immigration Archives at Mahatma Gandhi Institute in Moka, Mauritius.
They are the largest repository of documentation on the international migration of Indian workers in the 19th century. These "Records of the Indian Indentured Labourers" were inscribed in the Memory of the World Register in 2011.
The Voyage
The majority of the Indian indentured labourers embarked for Mauritius and other colonies at the ports of Mumbai (Bombay), Madras (Chennai) and Calcutta (Kolkata). Depending upon the port of embarkation the voyage lasted from 5 to 8 weeks on board of the sail ships. With the advent of the steam ship the journey was curtailed to 3 to 5 weeks.
The model of the ship is a suggestion of the travelling conditions of the indentured immigrants. The commercial ships on board which the indentured labourers travelled were composed of three levels.
Indentured labourers travelled in the middle deck. The deck was divided in 3 parts; the one part being reserved for the unmarried men, another for unmarried women and a third part for couples. They had the possibility to go on the upper deck whenever the weather allowed for it .Rations were provided to the travelers. The number of passengers was controlled and after 1864, it was obligatory that 25 % of the passengers consist of women. The motive was to encourage settlement and the constitution of a local work force.
The voyage, nevertheless remained difficult for these indentured immigrants who often had not seen the oceans or who had not even well grasped the duration of the voyage
The lower deck of the ship transported items and materials for use in the colony of Mauritius. On the way to other parts of the world the ships took the produce of the island, sugar. The bricks that we see were for example imported to Mauritius. These were often used as ballast to maintain the buoyancy of the ship. Once in Mauritius they were used in construction works. These bricks were found in situ during archeological excavations carried out.
Welcome to the Aapravasi Ghat World Heritage Site.
Welcome to the Aapravasi Ghat World Heritage Site.
The name ‘Aapravasi Ghat’ is made up of two Hindi words. ‘Aapravasi’ means immigrant and ‘Ghat’ means ‘a landing place and more precisely steps leading down to a body of water.
Aapravasi Ghat is the place where indentured contractual labourers landed in Mauritius.
The monument plaque reminds of this important event in the making of the population of Mauritius.
What is indenture?
From 1834 to 1910, almost 462 000 men, women and children came to Mauritius as indentured labourers as part of a great experiment undertaken by the British to prove the superiority of free labour over forced labour ,that is, slavery. Indenture was first tested successfully in the plantation colonial world in Mauritius.
The indentured labourers came from India, China, Madagascar, Comoros, Africa and South East Asia. The majority of indentured labourers or almost 97% came from India.
Indentured labourers worked as per conditions set up in a contract or agreement. Indentured labourers not able to pronounce the English word agreement coined the word “girmit’. From there this very word the term girmitya designating indentured labourers was coined.
The contract stipulated that Indentured labourers needed to work for a period of five years in Mauritius. They earned a salary of around Rs5 rupees. Their contracts made provision for facilities such as housing, food rations, clothing and medical care.
The conditions of work, however, were hard and treatment given to indentured labourers, especially in the beginning of the system was often comparable to slavery.
For example the term marron was still used for the indentured labourers who were absent from work or who had deserted the sugar estate, (refer to document in showcase) While the laws had changed, the mindsets were yet to change.
The double cut system, whereby 2 days salary was deducted for one day of absence is one clear example of the harshness of the system. Restrictions on the free movement of the immigrants were considered as being harsh. Failure to produce one’s immigrant ticket while being in displacement was passible of police arrest, fines and imprisonment.
The number of indentured labourers in Mauritius grew
The ox cart is a symbol of the sugar industry which was used to transport sugarcane from plantations to factories.
Mauritius was the most productive sugar colony in the British Empire. As from 1845, Mauritius produced 7% of the total world’s sugar production. This explains why around 462,000 indentured labourers were recruited in Mauritius. 97.5% of all indentured labourers who came to Mauritius from 1834 to 1910 came from India and the remaining came from China, Comoros, Yemen, South East Asia. Two-thirds of these indentured labourers remained permanently on the island.
The number of indentured labourers in Mauritius grew
The permanent settlement of these indentured labourers in Mauritius brought about many demographic changes to Mauritian society. Approximately 70% of modern Mauritians are descendants of these indentured labourers.
Indentured labourers were also migrating worldwide with around 2.2 million labourers going to work in more than fifty different countries.
The arrows refer to the indentured migration routes and the tags indicate the places of departure. This shows that indentured labourers left from Asia, Africa and the pacific to work in colonies around the world. The indentured labourers settled in various territories where they went to work and they brought with them their culture, languages and traditions. This resulted in the creation of a diaspora of indentured labourers whose memory still live today in many parts of the world.
Mauritius is one of the examples of this diversity resulting from indentured labour migration.
People were encouraged to come in families from 1850s. Indentured labourers would come to Mauritius for various reasons. One of them is the increase of taxes in India, the difficult work conditions, limited work mobility and the hope for a better future among others. Most indentured labourers who engaged to work in Mauritius had an experience of work mobility on plantations in India.
It is important to highlight that in the context of Mauritius, there are some key figures who fought for the rights of the indentured labourers such as Adolphe de Plevitz who wrote a petition to protest against the harsh working and living conditions of indentured labourers; this petition was signed by around 10,000 indentured labourers. Last but not least, Late Mahatma Gandhi, during his voyage to South Africa, in 1901, came to Mauritius and observed the conditions of his fellow Indian countrymen. In 1907, in order to defend the rights of indentured labourers, he sent over Late Manilal Doctor, who was a retired lawyer, to support the recognition of the rights of the indentured labourers and encourage education.
Pictures of indentured labourers displayed in BRIC give a human perspective to the history of indenture in Mauritius. These indentured labourers-men and women- decided to work hard in the sugar plantations and to contribute to the sugar industry. Added to the indentured labourers who came to Mauritius, there were also Liberated Africans who were taken to Mauritius when the British Authorities intercepted ships illegally carrying slaves. They were disembarked at Aapravasi Ghat and were enrolled as indentured labourers and referred to as ‘Liberated Africans’.
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Aapravasi Ghat World Heritage Site in Port Louis, Mauritius, is an oldest surviving immigration depot associated with indenture labour. It represents the 'Great Experiment' initiated by the British Government after the abolition of slavery in 1834. Over 462,000 indentured labourers from India, China, the Comoros, Madagascar, Mozambique, and South East Asia were recruited to work on Mauritius' sugar plantations for five years. The success of this experiment led to the migration of over 2.2 million indentured labourers worldwide. Approximately 70% of modern Mauritians are descendants of indentured labourers.
The visit of the Aapravasi Ghat World Heritage Site includes the visit of the Beekrumsing Ramlallah Interpretation Centre followed by the visit of the World Heritage Site.
Aapravasi Ghat World Heritage Site in Port Louis, Mauritius, is an oldest surviving immigration depot associated with indenture labour. It represents the 'Great Experiment' initiated by the British Government after the abolition of slavery in 1834. Over 462,000 indentured labourers from India, China, the Comoros, Madagascar, Mozambique, and South East Asia were recruited to work on Mauritius' sugar plantations for five years. The success of this experiment led to the migration of over 2.2 million indentured labourers worldwide. Approximately 70% of modern Mauritians are descendants of indentured labourers.
The visit of the Aapravasi Ghat World Heritage Site includes the visit of the Beekrumsing Ramlallah Interpretation Centre followed by the visit of the World Heritage Site.
Aapravasi Ghat depicts the story of more than 462,000 indentured labourers coming mainly from India (97.5%) but also from China, the Comoros, Madagascar, Mozambique and South East Asia. They were recruited to work on Mauritius’s sugar plantations for a period of five years.
The success of the Mauritian experiment led to the migration of more than 2.2 million indentured labourers around the world, including the Caribbean, South America, the South Pacific and Southeast Asia which represent not only the development of the modern system of contractual labour but also the memories, traditions and values that these men, women and children carried with them.
Two-thirds of these indentured labourers remained permanently in Mauritius. The other one third returned to their homeland or migrated to other lands. Approximately 70% of modern Mauritians are descendants of these indentured labourers.
Aapravasi Ghat depicts the story of more than 462,000 indentured labourers coming mainly from India (97.5%) but also from China, the Comoros, Madagascar, Mozambique and South East Asia. They were recruited to work on Mauritius’s sugar plantations for a period of five years.
The success of the Mauritian experiment led to the migration of more than 2.2 million indentured labourers around the world, including the Caribbean, South America, the South Pacific and Southeast Asia which represent not only the development of the modern system of contractual labour but also the memories, traditions and values that these men, women and children carried with them.
Two-thirds of these indentured labourers remained permanently in Mauritius. The other one third returned to their homeland or migrated to other lands. Approximately 70% of modern Mauritians are descendants of these indentured labourers.